Deontology Vs. Utilitarian Ethics - 976 Words

Deontology vs. Utilitarian Ethics Deontology is a famous meta-ethical theory practiced among famous philosophers such as Immanuel Kant, W.D. Ross, Sissela Bok, and many other philosophers and influential we know. Deontology is focused on â€Å"duty† based actions. The entire theory is focused on the duty of people and how they submit to the duty that they have. It is simply defined as, duty is the basis of morality. It is also focuses around looking at the consequential effects of a particular action that is done. Because of the belief system of deontologists, I strongly believe that deontology attains the strongest and most easily defendable argument of all the meta-ethical theories. Opposing, utilitarianism is the belief system that morality is doing what will bring happiness to the most people. Amongst all the meta-ethical theories, utilitarianism has to have the weakest argument, because by having mindset is not exactly how society can reasonably function. To Deontologist, intentions are what measures wh at is â€Å"good†, but fulfilling actions and intentions are everything. They also focus on if the action is right or wrong, not the consequences. Consequences are almost impossible to anticipate accurately. Therefore, it is most important to focus on the action. For example, say you were driving down the interstate, and you see a woman on the side of the road with a broken down car. In this case, you feel as though it is your â€Å"duty† to do something to help the woman,Show MoreRelatedDeontological Vs. Utilitarian Ethics1924 Words   |  8 Pages Deontological vs. Utilitarian Ethics There are two major ethical theories, deontological and utilitarian. Both theories are based on moral rules. These theories attempt to justify the principles and moral rules. In every culture something is defined as either right or wrong, not just wrong or right as a whole. Every society must define what is right or wrong and no universal truths will exist across cultures, this is defined as moral relativism. What is right and what is wrong may be differentRead MoreCapital Punishment : Deontology Vs. Consequentialism1165 Words   |  5 Pages Capital Punishment: Deontology vs. consequentialism Subject: Analyze the deontological and consequentialist arguments on both sides of the issue of capital punishment in Gregg v Georgia. In this paper I will present the moral arguments of deontology and consequentialism used to determine whether or not using the death penalty was in fact constitutional. I will present both sides of the arguments and present them in the context of this trial and of similar situations where the arguments couldRead MoreThe Ethics Of The Death Of A Fetus1505 Words   |  7 PagesEthics can be defined as a set of principles which dictate what is considered as morally ‘good’ and ‘bad’. Abortion is defined as the deliberate termination of a human pregnancy through a medical procedure which results in the death of a fetus. Within ethics, there are many arguments as to whether abortion should be permitted in society as many regard it as an act of murder and others simply see it as a decision that should be given to the mother only. The issue of abortion remains to be one ofRead MoreUtilitarianism Vs. Kant s Deontology2126 Words   |  9 PagesConsequence and Prin ciples: Utilitarianism vs. Kant s Deontology Both utilitarianism and deontology are normative ethical theories. Normative ethics is a branch of philosophical ethics that investigates the set of questions that arise when considering how one should morally act. (Meriam Webster Dictionary, 1) Utilitarianism and deontology have often been discussed throughout the history of ethics, and both have had many adaptations of the concepts. Utilitarianism is defined as a doctrine that theRead MoreWhat s Best For Business : Utilitarianism Or Deontology?2341 Words   |  10 Pages What’s best for Business: Utilitarianism or Deontology? Satnam kaur (104159) Introduction Business is a changing scenario and it has different principles and rules in different environments. To perform a business, there is required a set of principles and rules to be based, so that the actions taken are proper and produce the desiredRead More Ethics in Nursing Essay1925 Words   |  8 PagesDeontology vs. Utilitarianism Deontology is an ethical theory concerned with duties and rights. The founder of deontological ethics was a German philosopher named Immanuel Kant. Kant’s deontological perspective implies people are sensitive to moral duties that require or prohibit certain behaviors, irrespective of the consequences (Tanner, Medin, Iliev, 2008). The main focus of deontology is duty: deontology is derived from the Greek word deon, meaning duty. A duty is morally mandated actionRead MoreSimilarities And Contrast Of The Seven Moral Philosophies3772 Words   |  16 Pagesoff of self-interests rather than interests of a larger group. Utilitarianism is another extension of teleological philosophy, the difference being that utilitarian s are not focused as much on themselves as egoists are. To provide an example, if a building was on fire an egoist would be concerned with getting out safely while a utilitarian would be focused on how to get the majority of people out and then worry about th emselves. A general rule of thumb is that egoist lack moral virtues meaningRead MoreWhat Guides Ethical Decision Making3600 Words   |  15 Pagesthese questions can be found in a branch of philosophy called theoretical ethics. Theoretical ethics is the rational reflection on what is right, what is wrong, what is just, what is unjust, what is good, and what is bad in terms of human behaviour according to [https://www.boundless.com/marketing/textbooks/boundless-marketing-textbook/social-responsibility-ethics-in-marketing-16/ethics-an-overview-101/definition-of-ethics-498-8310/]. This branch of philosophy is exercised via the application theRead MoreJohn Stuart Mill s Utilitarianism Essay1381 Words   |  6 Pagesethical theories that one can follow. As a result of there being many different theories, some can overlap while others can vary greatly. The two most widely known theories, Utilitarianism and Deontological ethics, greatly conflict with each other. They differ mostly in wh at they value most, the outcome vs. the action/motive. John Stuart Mill’s Utilitarianism itself differs from the original form of Utilitarianism created by Jeremy Bentham. Bentham felt that pleasure was wholly good, and that pain to theRead MoreKant And Mill On Animal Ethics Essay1365 Words   |  6 PagesAnimal Ethics. I believe that Kant, the deontologist, will not care as much about the duty/responsibility between humans and animals as Mill, the utilitarian, who will see the extreme importance of animal ethics. After studying and explaining the views and teachings of these two philosophers I will see if my thesis was correct, and choose which philosopher to side with. First, I would like to address the teachings of Immanuel Kant. Kant is known for his studies of deontology, or duty ethics, which

The Values And Values Of School - 1509 Words

The motto at my school Bursted Wood Primary school is Care and Respect, this is introduced from the very start of a child’s academic journey and is known to all pupils and staff and is carried out by all as well. This along with our aims, values etc is displayed throughout the school and is clearly visible to any visitors as this is something that should be clearly recognizable and is normally set out by the head teacher. The schools ethos, aims, missions and values are set and given so to provide for all a code of practice and this is shown throughout our daily practice within school. The ethos, aims and mission would have been talked about as to what the expectations would be and thought out with the management team and planned and developed with staff, pupils, parents, governor and outside agencies within the community who have dealings with the school, these are the values and beliefs. A schools values help to provide a very clear, detailed understanding of behaviour and a ttitude for their pupils and helps them except these values of the school and how to represent them as they do in the school rules.At our school the way we get across and communicate the schools ethos, mission, aims and values are so important as this is where people who are new to the school can get their first impression of it. These are communicated and advertised in many ways this includes: †¢ On-line/school website As soon as the home page is opened the school motto of care and respect is includedShow MoreRelatedSchool Culture Is The Set Of Norms, Values, And Values Essay1928 Words   |  8 PagesSchool culture is the set of norms, values, and beliefs, rituals and ceremonies, symbols and stories that make up the ‘persona† of the school (Hinde, 2004). According to Fullan (2007), school culture can be defined as the guiding beliefs and values evident in the way a school operates. School culture involves the school, parents, and the surrounding community as well as the overall feel of a particular school. One of the most important things to understand about school culture is that in orderRead MoreAims and Values in School. 2.51639 Words   |  7 PagesAims and Values of Schools: Aims: * To attempt to reach a certain goal that gives people a purpose or intension to achieve a desired outcome. * It gives people/organisastions something to follow and work towards to achieve the best outcome. * To attempt the accomplishment of a purpose; to try to gain; to endeavor and aim to do well. Values: In order to achieve goals and aims, one strives and endeavours to attain certain actions, however such actions will not be undertaken at theRead MoreThe Effects Of Social Values On Schools985 Words   |  4 PagesPersons nowadays have been forgetting the real meaning and importance of social values. We are witnesses of how almost every day the lack of social values is affecting the development of the students, our children, to succeed in life. Respect, tolerance, equality, honesty and equal opportunity are some of the social values that build a strong and secure personality of any individual. Therefore, the absence of these values leads in some case to terrible consequences in the life of any human being. ViolenceRead MoreThe Value of Technology at Home and School766 Words   |  3 PagesStudents whether they are in kindergarten, high school, or college all value technology, not only in their own personal lives but in their school and when they learn (Swan and Hooft 653). All learn ers want technology integrated into their schools to make for a more diverse learning experience throughout their schooling. All levels of students want the learnings and lectures to be more challenging, with meaningful instructional activities that require multiple technological aspects (653). Most studentsRead MoreTeaching Moral Values in Schools2178 Words   |  9 PagesTeaching Moral Values in Schools Introduction Pornography! Premarital sex! Lying! Cheating! Drugs! Shoplifting! Stealing! High school pregnancies! What is wrong with all these things? Based on the values that are being taught in most schools to today’s children, nothing. Many teachers believe that students involved in these activities are just making bad choices out of the many choices they have. How can children know that George Washington was the father of their country but cannot tell the differenceRead MoreThe Purpose of Values Education in Schools Today1681 Words   |  7 Pagespurpose of values education in schools today Values are core traits and qualities that represent an individual’s beliefs and guiding principles, which form the foundation of who we are. Values of people in society differ from one another due to the culture, upbringing, religious beliefs and many other experiences that shape each and every human being. Primarily, values are fundamentally taught at a young age, these values are predominantly learnt from family and friends, the community and throughRead MoreHayes Primary School: Community, Values, And Philosophy.1415 Words   |  6 PagesHayes Primary School: Community, Values, and Philosophy Hayes Primary School is located in Bates, Tennessee. The school currently enrolls students for preschool through 5th grade. The average class size for the school is 18. There are 50 faculty members that support education at Hayes Primary School. Outside of core instruction, special subject areas are offered in art, music, physical education, and library. Children attend a special subject for 45 minutes per day. They receive an additional 45-minuteRead MoreHow The Ethos, Mission, Aims And Values Of A School1115 Words   |  5 PagesExplain how the ethos, mission, aims and values of a school may be reflected in working practices. The aim of the school I am associated with is : â€Å"To give children equal opportunities for learning, through a wide variety of experiences that will develop their knowledge, skills and character. To actively promote race equality and good race relations across all areas of school life and to eliminate unlawful discrimination. To ensure that the school pursues high academic standards through a broadRead MoreValue Chain Analysis By Harvard Business School1012 Words   |  5 PagesValue chain analysis is presented by Harvard Business School professor Michael Porter. It is a tool to determine the companies’ competitive advantages. A company has many resources, capabilities and competitive advantages, If the enterprise as a whole to consider, it is difficult to recognize these competitive advantages, we have to break down business activities, and considering these individual activities themselves and their relevance to determine the company s competitive advantage. Value chainRead MoreValue Of Education Based Activities At Roosevelt High School1226 Words   |  5 PagesVALUE OF EDUCATION-BASED ACTIVITIES AT ROOSEVELT HIGH SCHOOL By: Casey Meile, CAA Roosevelt High School Sioux Falls, South Dakota INTRODUCTION Almost every high school in the United States offers some type of extracurricular activity, such as music, academic clubs, and sports. Roosevelt High School offers the opportunity for its 2,300-student population to participate in eighteen SDHSAA sanctioned sports programs, eight SDHSAA performing arts programs, thirty-four school sponsored clubs and thirty-six

Developmental essay Free Essays

The term development means a progressive series of changes that occur as a result of maturation and experience. This means that development does not consist merely of adding inches to one’s height or of improving one’s ability. Instead it is a complex process of integrating many structures and functions. We will write a custom essay sample on Developmental essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Many theorists have proposed concepts or theories on the developmental aspect during adolescence. One of these theories is Erikson’s Eight Stages of Development. The goal of developmental changes is to enable people to adapt to their environment in which they live. To achieve this goal, self- realization, or, as it is some times called â€Å"self- actualization† is essential. I have known an adolescent long ago, he was my neighbour. He used to be my childhood friend then. I have seen him since he was still five years old. During those times I already see him lacking the self- confidence, very pessimistic, he has fear of wrong doing and over control and over restriction of own activity. When he was in his school age, six to twelve years old; I was just surprised seeing him very creative, and already developed a sense of competence and perseverance. When he reached his adolescent stage, I noticed that he has a coherent sense of self and always plans to actualize one’s abilities. There will be a very great difference in the development aspect of a person if he belongs to an ethnic or a dominant culture. Development is influenced by many factors and these are appearance, behaviour, cultural stereotypes, cultural values, role changes and personal experiences. Behaviour is influenced by the environment the person has been brought up to. When behaviour changes are disconcerting, as during puberty and senescence, they affect attitudes toward the changes unfavourably. From mass media, people learn cultural stereotypes to judge people of those ages. Every culture has certain values associated with different ages. Because maximum productivity is associated with young through early middle age adulthood in the American culture of today, attitudes toward this age group are more favourable than attitudes toward other ages. Personal experience also has profound effects on an individual’s attitude toward developmental changes. Self- esteem greatly plays an important role in identity development of an adolescent. Self- esteem is one’s perception towards his self- worth, appearance and how other’s sees him in the society. So when one has a very negative or low self esteem then that would greatly affect his development and how he interacts with the people around him. Parents and teachers should let the adolescents explore and socialize. In that way they would develop their self- confidence. They should help them learn the degree to which assertiveness and purpose influence their environment as well as the beginning ability to evaluate one’s own behaviour. They should inculcate in their minds that every individual is unique in so many ways and that every person is indeed biologically and genetically different from every one. How to cite Developmental essay, Essays

Dominant Economic Characteristics free essay sample

Degree of Vertical Integration: How prevalent is backward (suppliers) and forward integration (distributors, retailers). Ease of Entry/Exit: Barriers to enter/leave the industry. EX: Moderate entry barriers exist in the form of capital requirements to construct a new plant of minimum efficient size (cost equals $10 million) and ability to build a customer base inside a 250-mile radius of plant Technology/Innovation: What is the pace of technological change in both productions, process innovation and new products introductions? Product Characteristics: Goods/services highly differentiated, weakly differentiated or essentially identical? Buyers perceive little real difference from seller to seller? Scale Economies: What impact does large volume have on – purchasing, mfg, transportation, and marketing? Experience Curve What is the impact of learning and experience in this industry? Capacity Utilization: Do you only achieve low cost production efficiency with high levels of capacity? EX: Manufacturing efficiency is highest between 90-100 percent of rated capacity; below 90 percent utilization unit costs run significantly higher Industry Profitability: Is it above or below the norm? Do profits track the strength of demand for the industry’s products? Impact on prices?

The Conflicts Of The Black Race Delayed Economic Essay Example For Students

The Conflicts Of The Black Race: Delayed Economic Essay And Educational ProgressThe Conflicts of the Black Race: Delayed Economic and Educational Progress4/4/97In the 1960s, blacks, led by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., fought for their civilrights and equal opportunities.Although they had only been out of slavery forless than a century, they felt the time was way past due for them to receive thesame treatment as other American citizens.Our people struggled to receivedecent education programs for their youth for the right to earn a decent living,and to receive respect from other racial groups.Fortunately for our generation,their fight ended in victory.However, 30 years later, despite the progressmade then, our community does not seem to have kept up with our ancestors rateof self-improvement.Not only are blacks still disrespected by other races,problems also plague us such as poverty, drugs, and miseducation.To makematters even worse, we also have a serious lack of unity.Some of us feel asthough it is not our responsibility to help other bla cks when they are in need. Another major problem is the existence of racism.This negative attitude leadsto many physical and psychological problems within the black community. Therefore, lack of unity within the black community and the effects of racismare two major factors when contribute to the slow progress of black people. We will write a custom essay on The Conflicts Of The Black Race: Delayed Economic specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Before the Civil Rights movement racism was so blatant that not knowing itexisted would have been difficult.Presently, it is so subtle that some arguewe cannot blame racism for our problems.Unfortunately, they are wrong.Theeffects of racism can be seen in the segregation of our neighborhoods and in ourhigh unemployment rates.White people want to keep their contact with us to aminimum.In 1991, USA Today reported that the 1990 census concluded that themajority of the nations 30 million black people are as segregated now as theywere . . . in the 60s (Smith 104).This proves that although some blacksincomes have increased, they do not always live in neighborhoods they can affordbecause the area is usually predominately white.The U.S. Department of Housingand Urban Development found that anti-black discrimination was widespread in thehousing industry in 1992 (Smith 105).This practice can be found in theworkplace.Ed Smith, Ph.D. found that blacks with college degrees had a 13percent unempl oyment rate in 1987 compared to five percent for whites (Smith112).Many studies exist that prove that college-educated blacks are not muchbetter off than high-school graduates.The U.S. Commission on Civil Rightsadmitted that lack of education is not the reason for high minorityunemployment (Smith 112).The only explanation which justifies these figuresis racism.As long as anti-black racism exists, blacks probably could notprogress at the same rate as other minority groups. It is a well-known fact thatwhite people have more control than minorities in this country.They have thepower to deny blacks housing and unemployment.Because of white peoplesprejudices, blacks have found it difficult to move up on the social and economicladder.Also, exposure to constant discrimination causes some people to believethat they are worthless and incapable of succeeding.In order to overcome thisobstacle, we have to take control of our own minds and lives.Until we as apeople become aware and begin to rai se our self-esteem, we will continue to l..etracism be a plague to our race. The slow progress of our race has led manyblacks to become pessimistic.They lose their self-respect because they believethat everything is against them.Therefore they give up on trying to betterthemselves and on helping their fellow brothers and sisters.These thoughts arepicked up by youth who grow up believing that there is no way out of the ghetto. .u039a1f77e1b479e77e10528b3d07e127 , .u039a1f77e1b479e77e10528b3d07e127 .postImageUrl , .u039a1f77e1b479e77e10528b3d07e127 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u039a1f77e1b479e77e10528b3d07e127 , .u039a1f77e1b479e77e10528b3d07e127:hover , .u039a1f77e1b479e77e10528b3d07e127:visited , .u039a1f77e1b479e77e10528b3d07e127:active { border:0!important; } .u039a1f77e1b479e77e10528b3d07e127 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u039a1f77e1b479e77e10528b3d07e127 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u039a1f77e1b479e77e10528b3d07e127:active , .u039a1f77e1b479e77e10528b3d07e127:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u039a1f77e1b479e77e10528b3d07e127 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u039a1f77e1b479e77e10528b3d07e127 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u039a1f77e1b479e77e10528b3d07e127 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u039a1f77e1b479e77e10528b3d07e127 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u039a1f77e1b479e77e10528b3d07e127:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u039a1f77e1b479e77e10528b3d07e127 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u039a1f77e1b479e77e10528b3d07e127 .u039a1f77e1b479e77e10528b3d07e127-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u039a1f77e1b479e77e10528b3d07e127:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Iona Moon EssayWhen young black men are asked why they commit crimes and drop out of school,they place the blame on society.Instead of disagreeing with them, more peopleneed to try to understand why they are saying this.A black inner city ministercommented that you cant be what you aint seen (Smith 101).The onlyprofessionals that many inner-city youth meet are police officers, judges, andsocial workers.Because these meetings are usually the result of a negativeevent, there is no incentive for the youth to better themselves.Unless olderblacks become better role models for our youth, the cycle of welfare andunemployment will continue.Although every black person is not in thi sparticular situation, the ones who are will hinder the progress of the wholerace. Racism has many negative effects on blacks.The list goes on and on.Ifwe continue to fall victim to these effects, our progress will never be fullyachieved.We, as a people, must take action and start to help ourselves.Ifthat means pooling our money together and providing better schools and more jobs,then so be it.In order to progress we must do whatever is necessary.Our maindilemma is not that we are not aware of our problems.It is our inability todeal with them.Whenever we come up with solutions to the problem, we startcomplaining about how difficult it is, or how much money it is going to cost. It is very sad when a person can spend $500 on an outfit, but cannot evencontribute $100 to help further a childs education.It is a pitiful sight whenwe settle for a job that we are overqualified for instead of getting togetherwith our fellow brothers and sisters and starting our own business. We need tostop s aying that wecant and start following Clark Atlanta Universitysmotto Ill find a way or make one.An example is a program called FriendsHelping Friends where people put their money together and give it to one person. It works in the form of a pyramid.There are eight people on the bottom, thenfour, then two, and then one on top.The person on top gets the money from theeight people on the bottom.That person then moves off the top and the pyramidsplits into two and each start all over again by building up the bottom eightspots.As long as people keep contributing everyone will receive eight timesthe amount that each individual puts in.This is an excellent way to helpothers without having to put yourself in a risky situation.If we could get allneighborhoods to participate in this program, we could easily build our ownschools and businesses. Just because our progress has declined in the past 30years does not mean we have to sit back and wait to hit rock bottom.Toaccomplish the task of taking control of ourselves, we have to work together asone.If we continue trying to work alone, we will never reach our goals.Yetif we work as a union, we can conquer our failures and continue to move upwardand forward. ReferencesSmith, Ed.Not Yet Over the Hump.Fairbank, Alaska: JAED, 1994.

Erving Goffmans Front Stage and Back Stage Behavior

Erving Goffman's Front Stage and Back Stage Behavior In sociology, the terms front stage and back stage refer to different behaviors that people engage in every day. Developed by the late sociologist Erving Goffman, they form part of the dramaturgical perspective within sociology that uses the metaphor of the theater to explain social interaction. The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life Erving Goffman presented the dramaturgical perspective in the 1959 book The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. In it, Goffman uses the metaphor of theatrical production to offer a way of understanding human interaction and behavior. He argues that social life is a performance carried out by teams of participants in three places: front stage, back stage, and off stage. The dramaturgical perspective also emphasizes the importance of the setting, or context, in shaping the performance, the role of a persons appearance in social interaction, and the effect the manner of a persons behavior has on the overall performance. Running through this perspective is a recognition that social interaction is influenced by the time and place in which it occurs as well as by the audience present to witness it. It is also determined by the values, norms, beliefs, and common cultural practices of the social group or the locale where it occurs. Front Stage Behavior- the World Is a Stage The idea that people play different roles throughout their daily lives and display different kinds of behavior depending on where they are and the time of day is a familiar one. Most people, consciously or unconsciously, behave somewhat differently as their professional selves vs. their private or intimate selves. According to Goffman, people engage in front stage behavior when they know that others are watching. Front stage behavior reflects internalized norms and expectations for behavior shaped partly by the  setting, the particular role one plays in it, and by ones physical appearance. How people participate in a front stage performance can be highly intentional and purposeful, or it can be habitual or subconscious. Either way, front stage behavior typically follows a routinized and learned social script shaped by cultural norms. Waiting in line for something, boarding a bus and flashing a transit pass, and  exchanging pleasantries about the weekend with colleagues are all examples of highly routinized and scripted front-stage performances. The routines of peoples daily lives- traveling to and from work, shopping, dining out, or going to a cultural exhibit or performance- all fall into the category of front stage behavior. The performances people put on with those around them follow familiar rules and expectations for what they should do and talk about with one another in each setting. People also engage in front stage behavior in less public places such as among colleagues at work and as students in classrooms. Whatever the setting of front stage behavior, people are aware of how others perceive them and what they expect, and this knowledge tells them how to behave. It shapes not just what individuals do and say in social settings but how they dress and style themselves, the consumer items they carry around, and the manner of their behavior (assertive, demure, pleasant, hostile, etc.) These, in turn, shape how others view them, what they expect of them, and how they behave toward them. Put differently, French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu would say that cultural capital is a significant factor both in shaping front stage behavior and how others interpret the meaning of it. Back Stage Behavior- What We Do When No Ones Looking When people engage in back stage behavior, they are free of the expectations and norms that dictate front stage behavior. Given this, people are often more relaxed and comfortable when  back stage; they let their guard down and behave in ways that reflect their uninhibited or true selves. They cast off elements of their appearance required for a front stage performance, such as swapping work clothes for casual clothes and loungewear. They may even change how they speak and comport their bodies or carry themselves. When people are back stage, they often rehearse certain behaviors or interactions and otherwise prepare for upcoming front stage performances. They might practice their smile or handshake, rehearse a presentation or conversation, or prep themselves to look a certain way once in public again. So even back stage, people are aware of norms and expectations, which influence what they think about and do. In private, people behave in ways that they would never in public. However, even peoples back stage lives tend to involve others, such as housemates, partners, and family members. One may not behave as formally with these individuals than standard front stage behavior dictates, but they may not fully let down their guards either. Peoples back stage behavior mirrors the way actors behave in the back stage of a theater, the kitchen within a restaurant, or the employee only areas of retail shops. For the most part, how one behaves front stage significantly differs from an individuals back stage conduct. When someone ignores the expectations for front and back stage behaviors, it may lead to confusion, embarrassment, and even controversy. Imagine if a high school principal showed up to school in her bathrobe and slippers, for example, or used profanity while speaking with colleagues and students. For good reason, the expectations linked to front stage and back stage behavior influence most folks to work pretty hard to keep these two realms remain separate and distinct.

Favorite figure from the Hebrew Bible Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Favorite figure from the Hebrew Bible - Essay Example Job is the significant and main character in the Book of Job. He is my personal favorite figure in the Hebrew Bible because of the attitude he maintained even throughout the face of sufferings and difficulties that ordinary men would not have been able to have. From the very beginning of the book, Job is described as a righteous and blameless man who pleased God in every way. After every feast his children held, â€Å"Job sent and sanctified them, and rose up early in the morning, and offered burnt offerings [according] to the number of them all: for Job said, It may be that my sons have sinned, and cursed God in their hearts. Thus did Job continually.† (Interlinear Hebrew Bible. Job 1:5) He did everything he could to stay away from all kinds of evil. He was even the greatest man among all the people of the East. He was also extremely wealthy and influential in the land of Uz, where he lived and resided. Because of his character and influence, Satan had come to the Lord’s presence with the angels and conferred with God regarding Job. Satan believed that Job was only faithful and loyal to the Lord because of the wealth and the influence that he had in the area where he lived. Without it, Job would, without hesitation, turn his back to God and would stop serving Him. This challenge of Satan resulted in Job becoming a ‘test’ of faith and loyalty in the Lord. After the Lord had told Satan and given him permission that, â€Å"all that he hath [is] in thy power; only upon himself put not forth thine hand, Satan went forth from the presence of the LORD.† (Interlinear Hebrew Bible. Job 1:12) And so Job’s troubles started pouring. In one day, several servants came to him telling him of the news that all the livestock that he had died. He quickly lost his wealth and even all his ten sons and dauhters, but in spite of

The great man theory Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The great man theory - Assignment Example The article takes a deeper look at the great man theory that puts it clear that a great leader is God given not man-made. It only provides two options; either one is born as leader or one is not born a leader. The history of the great man theory dates back to the 19th century, when great leaders seen at that time were in born heroes, for instance Abraham Lincoln, Mahatma Gandhi and Alexander the Great. The theory had also focused on the highly quested positions in the army which were hereditary from father to son. This also led to the name, great man theory since no women were holding commanding positions. In the 1800s, military authoritative positions would paint the leadership skills of a man. With the assumption that the skills are inborn, the son of the leader was to take over since it was believed they had the same skills as their fathers. Thomas Carlyle, a Scottish writer, is credited for his move to popularize the theory in the 1840s. According to Thomas Carlyle, the history o f the world is nothing, but a bibliography of great men. He also believed that great leaders are those born with divine inspiration and proper characteristics to lead a group of people. The theory simply tends to separate leaders and followers. It gives the assumption that leaders differed from their followers. The theory portrays the fact that, in society different people posses different levels of intelligence, energy and moral strength, and in whatever way people are influenced to go, they are always led by the superior minded few. (Miller, Vandome & McBrewster, 2010). Back in the days, many leaders had the opportunity of having a chance of leadership through the birthright. This hindered the lesser in society in having the opportunity to be leaders. This brought up the assumption that leadership abilities are inherent. Proponents of this theory comprise of the world great leaders who came into power due to situational causes, for instance, John F Kennedy, Martin Luther King and Lee Lacocca. In another concept, a great leader always steps up regardless of their social status or location. A person with inborn leadership qualities will effect positive change in every place he or she goes. A person may not be a holder of an authoritative post but influences great masses to any direction he or she wishes. In deed, this is a description of a born leader according to the great man theory. Applications of this theory are visible in modern day management. Apart from government organizations, private company owners prefer to hand over their businesses to their sons after their retirement. They believe the leadership skills in them have been passed on to their sons. With this, one is able to see the long life of an organization, which has been led by one family for over 40 years. In some cases, the application of the inherent leadership posts may be difficult for offsprings but situational purposes make the shoes fit for them. Another application may be evident in co ntesting of parliamentary or presidential posts. In many instances, it has been

Organisations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Organisations - Essay Example These organizations are Nurses Board of Victoria, Royal College of Nursing, and Australian Nursing Federation. Nurses Board of Victoria is a self-funded statutory authority incorporated under the Health Professions Registration Act 2005. It is a very good organization with having 14 years of experience in the field of nursing. Here the nurses are certified. The organization has its international contacts and it helps the registered nurses to make their career abroad also. The organization is a very good platform for the nurses and midwives to start their career. Nursing as a career here is developed from all angles here in this organization. A nurse should also be a good communicator. In the training of the nurses the focus is also given on the communication skill and English Proficiency. Apart from the training of nursing this organization imparts the managerial training to the students which includes critical thinking, problem solving and decision making. Risk management is also the part of the curriculum which enables them how to cope up with the risks and dangers and how to tackle the cr itical situation. The midwifery course is also available which ensures the students good placements in many hospitals around the country. Thus the nurses are developed here from a very professional point of view. The course of psychiatric nursing is also available here for those who are interested in the mental health related career. The organization is also committed to assist those nurses who are academically very bright or interested in doing the research in various fields of nursing such as aged care nursing, clinical nursing, community child health, complementary/alternative therapies, family care, indigenous health, mental health nursing, midwifery and primary health care Royal College of Nursing is one of the major and popular nursing training organizations in Australia. This

Criteria to Evaluate a Website of a Holiday Booking Site

Criteria to Evaluate a Website of a Holiday Booking Site Develop a Set of Criteria to Evaluate a Website of a Holiday Booking Site 4.1 Research Methodology Need for a good methodology A good research methodology is a general plan of how the researcher will go about answering the research questions considering the sources to collect data and the constraints that one might have (access to data, time, location and money, ethical issues etc). It should reflect the fact that the researcher has thought carefully about why a particular strategy has been employed. A collection of methodologies were used to carry out this research. Both primary and secondary data was collected for this purpose. The secondary data comprised of data from literature reviewed from books, journals, Internet and the annual reports of the companies while the primary data took the form of information/results collected from questionnaires and surveys. The first stage of the research comprised of collecting secondary data from the literature review. According to Sharp and Howard (1996), two major reasons exist for reviewing the literature. First, the preliminary search helps to generate and refine the research ideas. And secondly, a critical review is a part of the research process. Like most research projects, literature review was an early activity in this research. After the initial literature search, the researcher was able to redefine the parameters more precisely and undertake further searches, keeping in mind the research objective and goal. The literature review helped developing a good understanding and insight into the previous research done on this topic and the trends that have emerged. According to Gall et al. (1996), there are a number of other purposes of a literature review. To help one to refine further the research questions and objectives To highlight research possibilities that have been overlooked in research to date To discover explicit recommendations for further research To help one to simple avoid repeating work that has been done before To sample current opinions in newspapers, journals and magazines To discover and provide an insight into research approaches and strategies. This stage of critical literature review was followed by surveys to collect both quantitative and qualitative data. There are different research strategies that one might employ. They are: experiment, survey; case study, grounded theory, ethnography, action research, cross sectional and longitudinal studies, exploratory, descriptive and explanatory studies. Out of all these, the researcher has chosen the Survey strategy for the research. It is a common and popular strategy in business and management research. Through this a large amount of data can be collected in an economical way. Step by Step Methodology Undertaken 1. Secondary Data The first stage of the research comprised of collecting secondary data from the literature review. The literature review provided many useful points to consider before commencing the dissertation. It highlighted what research had already been conducted and what new areas could be investigated. 2. Questionnaire– At the next stage of the research project questionnaires was distributed to 15 people of varying ages, sex, economic status and race. 3. Analysis – The qualitative and quantitative data was thoroughly analyzed using the approach explained in the next chapter. Questionnaire is the most popular method of collecting data. It is less expensive and less time consuming than conducting interviews and very large samples can be covered. A set of questionnaire were prepared to collect primary data (interviews survey questionnaire). The different distribution techniques as described by Hussey and Hussey (1997) were followed. The questionnaires were circulated to the employees, Human Resource Managers, students, job seekers etc through Post, Telephone, face-to-face, Group distribution and individual distribution. Hussey and Hussey (1997) identify some important factors to be considered while using questionnaire. These are Sample size, Types of questions, Wordings, Design, including instruction, Wording of any accompanying letter, Method of distribution and return, Method of collecting and analyzing, Actions to be taken if questionnaire is not returned. All of these factors were considered while preparing the final set of questionnaire. Designing and Administering the Questionnaire The design of a questionnaire differs according to how it is going to be administered i.e. the amount of contact the researcher will have with the respondents. In this respect, the design of a questionnaire can be divided into categories: 1. Self-administered: These questionnaires are completed by the respondents without the intervention of the researcher. Such questionnaires are delivered to the respondents through email, Internet or by post and are returned accordingly. 2. Interviewed administered: These questionnaires are recorded by the interviewer on the basis of the respondents’ answers. For example : Telephone questionnaires in which telephonic interview is taken and structured interviews in which the researcher meets the respondent face to face and ask questions. In this research, the choice of questionnaire was determined by a number of factors like the time available to complete the data collection, financial implications of data collection and entry, availability of interviewers and ease of automating data entry. Keeping all these factors in mind, self-administered questionnaire was chosen to be distributed to the sample through post, email, Internet and telephone. The questionnaire (see appendix) was used to give a thorough understanding of what consumers used when booking a holiday online and what they felt was missing. It consisted of 9 questions each supplied with a number of possible answers. The questionnaire was designed in an ‘easy to use’ tick format so most consumers would be able to answer the questions quickly and be more willing to participate in the process. Few important questions from the questionnaire are mentioned below. The detailed questionnaire is given at the end as Appendix I. Have you used the internet for holiday or travel booking before? Yes b. No Do you feel safe using your credit card on the internet? Yes b. No c. I do not use a credit card on the internet What holiday booking website(s) have you used in the past 0-6 months? (choose all that apply) Expedia.co.uk Easy Jet Ryan air British Airways Bmibaby lastminute.com teletextholidays.co.uk uk.mytravel.com cheapflights.co.uk thomson-holidays.co.uk Other Did you find the information on the sites clear and concise? Clear Concise Expedia.co.uk Easy Jet Ryan air British Airways Bmibaby lastminute.com teletextholidays.co.uk uk.mytravel.com cheapflights.co.uk thomson-holidays How do you choose which websites you go to? Word of mouth/referral Search engine and keywords Links from other sites Other Sample Selections If for a particular research, the data is collected from every possible case or group member, it is termed as census. Sampling techniques provide a range of methods that enables one to reduce the amount of data to be collected by considering only data from a specific group rather than all possible cases. The full set of cases from which the sample is taken is called the population. Sampling provides a valid alternative to a census when it is impractical to survey the entire population or the time constraints prevent from surveying the entire population or if the budget constraints prevent from surveying the entire population. (In sampling, the term ‘population’ is not used in its normal sense, as the full set of cases may not be necessarily being people.) Sampling saves a lot of time. Sometimes the researchers collect data from the entire population but analyse only a sample of the data to save time. For this research, sampling was done in order to get more detailed information form the sample selected. Once the data was collected more time could be spent in checking for any errors before analysing the data while this would not be possible if the data would have been collected from the entire population. According to Henry (1990) smaller number of cases means that more time could be spent designing and piloting the means of collecting these data. The internet business can really only succeed if the public accepts new technologies. Despite the hype surrounding the dotcom boom (and bust), research conducted by ICM for Computer Weekly has found a relatively low level of understanding of the Internet in the UK, particularly among older members of the population, and people on lower incomes. Kate Turner, director at ICM research said, â€Å"While younger people are buying technology as fast as they can, the 55-plus group is the one to watch. They are catching up†. The highest proportions of online shoppers are among 25 to 34 year olds (Saran, 2002). Therefore, the sample was chosen such that it covers all the age groups particularly those between 25-35 years old. The choice of sample size is determined by a number of factors like the confidence one need to have in the data, the margin of errors that one can tolerate and the size of the total population from which the sample is being drawn. Given all these influences, the final sample size selected for the purpose of this study comprised of 15 different people of varying ages, sex, economic status and race. 4.2 Rationales behind the questions Already done by the Client 4.3 Actual Results Already done by the Client 4.4 Expected Results Already done by the Client 4.5 Impact or effect on the set of criteria Already done by the Client 4.6 Summary The aim of the questionnaire (see appendix) was to highlight any trends within the online industry and to identify some of the useful website evaluation criteria’s. The responses were used to indicate what appealed to consumers and what deterred them from booking a holiday online. Once all the responses had been received, the answers were collaborated together and analysed. A good response rate was obtained which helped to draw conclusions. Data gathered from this methodology was used to draw specific conclusions. This type of data provides suppliers with key information to modify their offers or features to gain a competitive edge. Referring to the e-Book by Lynch and Horton (1997), the researcher identified 14 evaluation items to check when evaluating website content: first impression, speed, compatibility with all browsers, accessibility, absence of HTML errors, readily accessible to search engines, visibility, usability, trustworthiness, security, currency and authority, objectivity, accuracy, and coverage. Grandinetti (2000) proposed a simple evaluation standard. The information provided on a website was considered to be trustworthy if it explicitly described the author’s name, affiliation, source, ownership and date of posting on the website. Cravener (2000) indicated that the frequency of updates, accuracy and credentials should be evaluated in order to determine the quality of the website. The questionnai re results as well as the literature review helped in formulating a set of criteria to evaluate a website and those criteria’s were tested accordingly. Expedia and British Airways proved to be the 2 most popular sites to use due to their reputation while thomson-holidays.co.uk scored poorly (50% agreeing to the fact that the site is not attractive and 60% believing that it is not that reputable). In line with most people having a few holidays a year, most people use the internet a few times a month to view travel websites. On either side a significant number use the internet for booking personal holidays though 80% of the participants were afraid of using the credit card online. As expected most people use travel sites to book flights. This is their main purpose and hence where sites are going to gain most exposure and revenue. Most people use a particular site due to prices. However, with the other features also scoring highly, it indicates that most people still require the site to be of a decent standard. Most consumers will initially go to a site for price, but expect it to be a secure, easy to use and efficient site as well. When suppliers are deciding what to focus on for the future better offers and real time confirmation seems to be what consumers want. Price of tickets and ease of use were the two most important issues identified by the participants while using a web site for holiday and activity booking while other useful links, website’s reputation and lots of photos on the website scored low. Search capability and download speed were again identified as factors which are a MUST for a holiday and activity booking web site. The extras such as personalised features, feedback provision, good search engine, links to other company websites and minimal mouse travel and keystrokes scored quite lowly. A significant number of people wanted greater flexibility and more information when booking their travel. With such a large majority of people still believing that a travel agent is still needed and using credit card online is risky, travel sites have a long way to go to gain market share. They need to provide more than just better prices to attract and retain customers. 5.1 Introduction Already done by the Client 5.2 Summary Research carried out by Carlson Digital revealed that word-of mouth is the main reason why sites were visited for the first time, and very few of respondents believed online brands ‘knew what made them tick’(Brand strategy, 2002). Without the benefit of human contact, internet companies have to work harder at understanding customer needs, delivering against these and finding ways to engage with the customer. Research found that customer expectations are high, and they are completely unforgiving of organisations who fail to respond quickly (Brand strategy, 2002). Technical factors such as site navigation, design and downloading speed can determine whether customers will revisit a site or not. To keep customers loyal, the sites must provide fresh content, relevant emails, competitions and offers. Bisignani, CEO of Opodo declares, ’The trend for booking travel online is set to explode’. On the other hand, Sally Johansson, e-commerce manager of Buzz, a low-cost airline says, â€Å"We will never be 100% booking online†. She believes the key to success on the internet is to keep things as simple and clear as possible and avoid adding features that add to the costs (Wheelwright, 2002). Many sites are reluctant to pull the plug on their call centres and some have even placed added emphasis on this facility. It seems that there are still too many people not being drawn to book online. Convenience of accessibility to information is probably as equally crucial as price. The ability to gather information on destinations, hotels, tourist sites and culture enables any traveller to pinpoint their exact requirements and then build a trip ideally suited to them. The main advantage is that this can be done in the comfort of one’s own home. One doesn’t have to physically go and queue to see someone who may only open during working hours or only be able to show some limited offers. However, one does have search through various sites to get the most appropriate package. Most well established sites offer a help line which is ideal for customers who want to use the internet for gathering information and then use a personalised service to ensure they get the right deal. It also inhibits fear in travellers who may need to make changes later on. Most web sites offer an abundance of options for travel. They can hold information about local and far destinations in equal depth and detail, whereas the travel agent will only have expertise in some areas and will be limited in options he can suggest. The best of both worlds, that more consumers are now doing, is using the internet to gather information and then telling the travel agent exactly what they want. This eliminates the fear of booking online and makes the customer more informed and demanding. Travel agents are also catching up with competitors by using their own websites to advertise their offers. Some have also started to focus on niche marketing, such as becoming cruise specialists, honeymoons or offering advice on complicated itineraries or where expertise for one particular country is needed and especially for people not comfortable with using a computer (Maxa, 2002). Some factors consumers should consider when booking online are: †¢ Does the site operate in ‘real time’? This means the airline seat, hotel room etc presented are available the moment you’re viewing it. This prevents problems of being sold out when you come to the booking stage. †¢ Does it provide a free help line number that allows you to talk to a representative to iron out any queries? †¢ Are extra charges, such as trip cancellation insurance automatically added to your package or hidden amongst the terms and conditions? †¢ How often are the special offers updated? †¢ Does the web site levy a fee on the airline tickets it sells? Some sites are already charging consumers and more are expected to follow this trend (Morrison, 2002) †¢ Will the site be trading when you want to travel? Many travellers are unaware that if they book a flight or hotel and that company ceases trading, they are not protected by legislation or insurance schemes (Macefield, 2002). When deciding to book online the consumer needs to realize how flexible their requirements are. The more consumers are willing to compromise on times, dates and holiday sites the more likely they are to finding a cheap deal. Consumers also need to be ready to book as soon as they see what they are looking for. Even in a slow economy most offers get booked very early on. 5.3 Limitations There are few noted limitations for this piece of research. First of all it cannot be ignored that research is dependent on the data collected using a questionnaire. The objective features of websites and not dealt in detail (e.g. background theme or hierarchy information) which makes it difficult to elaborate the suitable design factors equalled with the subjective measures. Secondly, this research is based on the survey research method which has some limitations of its own in the form sample selection bias. The sample of the survey is selected by the researcher and there is always a chance that the acquaintance of the researcher with the sample may alter the results as per the researcher’s way of thinking. The researcher tried to gather demographic information like age, gender etc but could not capture information like income levels etc. The participants were not ready to divulge such information. The validity of the results may be challenged in the absence of demographic in formation, because literature suggests the relative importance of evaluation criteria might vary with income and education level. Lastly the study lacks a section in the questionnaire that could be used to measure the level of user satisfaction for each website. A recent study found that user satisfaction for e-commerce customers consists of multiple dimensions (McKinney et al. 2002). There was a possibility to add more inter-dependent variables in the research model. For example, trust has been identified as an important issue in web site design and e-commerce (Jarvenpaa, Tracinsky and Vitale 2000, McKnigh et al. 2002). It would have been significant if the level of trust the participants had in each website could be measured along with the reasons (Kim and Moon 1998). 5.4 Recommendations for future work Already done by the Client 6.1 Discussion Travel is seen as an ‘escape’ motivation – a wish to escape routines of family, home and work. It might be a ‘pull’ motive a want to see things, places, and people and to engage in actions and behaviours (Ryan, 2002). Travel is ultimately thought of as entertainment (Miller, 2001). For these reasons booking travel should also be fun and hassle free. Consumers want to feel inspired, excited and motivated to book travel. Online sites have recognised the lacking of a one-to-one experience and have turned to using customer service help lines. This move, although against the promotion of booking entirely online, portrays the current competitive market. Online travel sites have needed to work a lot harder to stay competitive and profitable. Having looked at the past and present situation, one can start to predict what the future will be for the online holiday booking industry. A recent report from industry analysts Jupiter MMXI (Johnson, 2002) noted considerable growth in Europe’s online travel market and predictions suggest it could be worth more than  £12bn by 2006. Even with events such as September 11 terrorist attacks, consumers are keen to start travelling again. Dermot Halpin of Expedia states, ‘People want to travel. September 11 was a tragedy, but people bounce back. Individual travel is becoming more and more popular. People don’t want to be told what to do. We allow them to do what they want.’ With such great competition in the travel market, online travel providers need to distinguish themselves from the others. From consumer surveys, customers perceive the service of the airlines’ websites as significantly better than that of travel agencies (Romita, 2001). This is where travel agencies need to focus on to draw consumers to their site. From the questionnaire results we can see that consumers are drawn to sites on cost and reputation. An image of providing excellent customer service will attract visitors to that site and keep them loyal for future bookings. High street travel agents are able to do this much better due to their face to face interaction with customers. Online travel providers need to realign their focus with the ever demanding public and dedicate their sites to providing excellent customer service. From the literature search it was found out that the extent to which websites follow the architectural principles and are optimized on the evaluation criteria has an impact on the level of user satisfaction and, in turn, on the level of user loyalty. In other words, a website with a high architectural quality may produce a higher level of user satisfaction, which then leads to increased motivation for users to revisit the site. User satisfaction is one of the most frequently used measures of system success because the performance of a system is usually related to users’ satisfaction ratings (DeLone and McLean 1992). Customers are looking at the future for sites with better offers and technology to provide real time confirmation. They want greater flexibility and more information when booking travel. Online travel has now become a fundamental part of booking travel, whether to search for the best offers or just gather information on some Holiday package. Customers are becoming more demanding as they can now pick and choose who they wish to give their business to. The future looks bright for the online Holiday booking industry. As more people accept changes in technology and become computer literate, a new generation is developing that use the internet for most their day to day needs. 6.2 Final Summary Already done by the Client Brand Strategy, (2002). How to get close to customers online, Brand Strategy, January 9, 2002, p13. Delone, W. H. And Mclean, E. R. (1992), Information systems success: the quest for the dependent variable. Information Systems Research, 3(1), 60 – 95. Gall, M.D., Borg, W.R. and Gall, J.P. (1996) Educational Research: An introduction. New York, Longman. Henry, G.T. (1990). Practical Sampling. Newbury Park, CA, Sage. Hussey, J. and Hussey, R. (1997). Business Research – A practical guide for undergraduate and postgraduate students. Macmillan Business Wiltshire. Johnson, B. (2002) Travel beats the dotcom gloom, The Guardian, August 19, 2002. Macefield, S. Warning to go-it-alone tourists, The Daily Telegraph, March 16, 2002, p4. Maxa, R. (2002). Rising European Air Fares, Savvy Traveller, March 23. Miller, G.(2001). Corporate responsibility in the UK tourism industry, Tourism Management, Volume 23, Issue 6, December 2001, p589-598. Morrison, M. Orbitz first to charge service fees, Airline Business, Jan 1, 2002, pg15. Romita, T. http://www.eyefortravel.com/index.asp?news=10158src=nwsltr, Eye for travel, January 23, 2001. Ryan, C. (2002). Equity, management, power sharing and sustainability – issues of the ‘new tourism’, Tourism Management, Volume 23, Issue 1, February 2002, p17-26. Saran, C. (2002). Consumers are not inspired by the Internet, Computer Weekly, Feb 28, pg16. Sharp, J.A. and Howard, K. (1996) The Management of a Student Research Project. Aldershot, Gower. Wheelwright, G. Wednesday Surveys ITD1, The Financial Times(London), March 13, 2002, p10. Mckinney, V., Yoon, K. And Zahedi, F. (2002), Web-customer satisfaction: an expectation and disconfirmation approach. Information Systems Research, 13(3), 296 – 315. Jarvenpaa, S. L., Tractinsky, N. And Vitale, M. (2000), Consumer trust in an Internet store. Information Technology and Management, 1(1 –2 ), 45 – 71. Lynch P.J. Horton S. (1997) Web style guide. Available at: http://info.med.yale.edu/caim/manual/intro/purpose.html Grandinetti D.A. (2000) Help patients surf the Net safely. Register Nurse 63(8), 51–54. Cravener P.A. (2000) The world wide nursing web. American Journal of Nursing 100(11), 75–76.

A Feminist in Action in The Yellow Wallpaper -- Charlotte Perkins Gilm

   "The Yellow Wallpaper," by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, depicts a woman in isolation, struggling to cope with mental illness, which has been diagnosed by her husband, a physician.     Going beyond this surface level, the reader sees the narrator as a developing feminist, struggling with the societal values of the time.   As a woman writer in the late nineteenth century, Gilman herself felt the adverse effects of the male-centric society, and consequently, placed many allusions to her own personal struggles as a feminist in her writing.   Throughout the story, the narrator undergoes a psychological journey that correlates with the advancement of her mental condition.   The restrictions which society places on her as a woman have a worsening effect on her until illness progresses into hysteria.   The narrator makes comments and observations that demonstrate her will to overcome the oppression of the male dominant society.   The conflict between her views and those of the soc iety can be seen in the way she interacts physically, mentally, and emotionally with the three most prominent aspects of her life:   her husband, John, the yellow wallpaper in her room, and her illness, "temporary nervous depression."   In the end, her illness becomes a method of coping with the injustices forced upon her as a woman.   As the reader delves into the narrative, a progression can be seen from the normality the narrator displays early in the passage, to the insanity she demonstrates near the conclusion. As the story begins, the narrator's compliance with her role as a submissive woman is easily seen.   She states, "John laughs at me, but one expects that in marriage" (Gilman 577).   These words clearly illustrate the male's position of power in a marriage t... ..., Gilman acknowledges the fact that much work is needed to overcome the years of injustice.   Through the concluding scenes where the narrator goes into her mental illness rebellion, Gilman encourages women to do what they can to stand up for themselves.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Works Cited Mahin, Michael J.   The Awakening and The Yellow Wallpaper:   "An Intertextual  Comparison of the "Conventional" Connotations of Marriage and Propriety."   Domestic Goddesses (1999). Web. 29 June 2015. http://www.womenwriters.net/domesticgoddess/mahin.htm Gilbert, Sandra M. and Susan Gubar. â€Å"A Feminist Reading of ‘The Yellow Wallpaper’.† The Story and Its Writer. Ann Charters. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2011. Print. Gilman, Charlotte Perkins.   "The Yellow Wallpaper."  Gutenberg.org   Web. 27 June 2015.  Ã‚  Ã‚   https://www.gutenberg.org/files/1952/1952-h/1952-h.htm   

Lord of the Flies: Close Analysis Essay

Lord of the Flies: write a close analysis, with quotations and comments, of the implications in the extract from ‘The Shell and the Glasses’, starting on p 176: ‘He’s going to beat Wilfred..’ to the end of p178: ‘Then if he comes we’ll do our, our dance again.’ During this extract from ‘The Shell and the Glasses’ we see just to what extent the balance of power on the island has shifted in Jack’s favour. We now see him enjoying himself flexing and abusing his new found power as begins to rule his own savage kingdom. To highlight this, Golding no longer calls Jack by his name but instead calls him ‘Chief’. We are shown that the main element he uses to rule his tribe is fear. He starts having boys punished for no reason. A boy named Wilfred is tied up and beaten for no apparent reason, †He’s going to beat Wilfred’ ‘What for?’ ‘I don’t know, he didn’t say†. To further establish his status as the new chief, Jack demonises Ralph and his followers claiming that they are the enemy, ‘They’ll try to spoil things we do’. This parallels the method used by many 20th century dictators of creating a ‘common enemy’ of the state instilling fear and loyalty into its population. However the main ‘common enemy’ that Jack uses to control his tribe is of course the Beast. Jack claims that Simon was the beast (disguised) which shows he is implying that the boys have a better grasp of the truth during their violent frenzied state of mind than in their calmer moments of reflection. Jack has the ability to convince the other boys that this state of bloodlust and frenzy is a legitimate way to interact with their environment which erodes their sense of morality further and allows Jack to control and manipulate them even more. It would be a major blow to Jack’s leadership if the boys got the impression that they’d already killed the beast as for him the myth (though he believes it himself) is a major source of power. Jack implies to the boys that the beast is an immortal spectre capable of disguising itself. When one of the confused boys asks Jack if they’d already killed it he replies, ‘No! How could we – kill – it?’ To further enhance the effect of this myth on the boys, Jack implies that they give the Beast offerings in order to protect themselves, ‘We’d better keep on the right side of him, anyhow. You can’t tell what he might do.’ Jack wants them to fear and worship the Beast which will make them fear and worship him.

The First Men to Climb Mount Everest

The First Men to Climb Mount Everest After years of dreaming about it and seven weeks of climbing, New Zealander Edmund Hillary and Nepalese Tenzing Norgay reached the top of Mount Everest, the highest mountain in the world, at 11:30 a.m. on May 29, 1953. They were the first people to ever reach the summit of Mount Everest. Earlier Attempts to Climb Mt. Everest Mount Everest had long been considered unclimbable by some and the ultimate climbing challenge by others. Soaring in height to 29,035 feet (8,850 m), the famous mountain is located in the Himalayas, along the border of Nepal and Tibet, China. Before Hillary and Tenzing successfully reached the summit, two other expeditions got close. Most famous of these was the 1924 climb of George Leigh Mallory and Andrew Sandy Irvine. They climbed Mount Everest at a time when the aid of compressed air was still new and controversial. The pair of climbers was last seen still going strong at the Second Step (about 28,140 - 28,300 ft). Many people still wonder if Mallory and Irvine might have been the first to make it to the top of Mount Everest. However, since the two men did not make it back down the mountain alive, perhaps well never know for sure. The Dangers of Climbing the Highest Mountain in the World Mallory and Irvine certainly were not the last to die upon the mountain. Climbing Mount Everest is extremely dangerous. Besides the freezing weather (which puts climbers at risk for extreme frostbite) and the obvious potential for long falls from cliffs and into deep crevasses, climbers of Mount Everest suffer from the effects of the extreme high altitude, often called mountain sickness. The high altitude prevents the human body from getting enough oxygen to the brain, causing hypoxia. Any climber who climbs above 8,000 feet could get mountain sickness and the higher they climb, the more severe the symptoms may become. Most climbers of Mount Everest at least suffer from headaches, cloudiness of thought, lack of sleep, loss of appetite, and fatigue. And some, if not acclimated correctly, could show the more acute signs of altitude sickness, which includes dementia, trouble walking, lack of physical coordination, delusions, and coma. To prevent the acute symptoms of altitude sickness, climbers of Mount Everest spend a lot of their time slowly acclimating their bodies to the increasingly high altitudes. This is why it can take climbers many weeks to climb Mt. Everest. Food and Supplies In addition to humans, not many creatures or plants can live in high altitudes either. For this reason, food sources for climbers of Mt. Everest are relatively nonexistent. So, in preparation for their climb, climbers and their teams must plan, purchase, and then carry all of their food and supplies with them up the mountain. Most teams hire Sherpas to help carry their supplies up the mountain. (The Sherpa are a previously nomadic people who live near Mt. Everest and who have the unusual ability of being able to quickly physically adapt to higher altitudes.) Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay Go Up the Mountain Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay were part of the British Everest Expedition, 1953, led by Colonel John Hunt. Hunt had selected a team of people who were experienced climbers from all around the British Empire. Among the eleven chosen climbers, Edmund Hillary was selected as a climber from New Zealand and Tenzing Norgay, though born a Sherpa, was recruited from his home in India. Also along for the trip was a filmmaker to document their progress and a writer for The Times, both were there in the hopes of documenting a successful climb to the summit. Very importantly, a physiologist rounded out the team. After months of planning and organizing, the expedition began to climb. On their way up, the team established nine camps, some of which are still used by climbers today. Out of all the climbers on the expedition, only four would get a chance to make an attempt to reach the summit. Hunt, the team leader, selected two teams of climbers. The first team consisted of Tom Bourdillon and Charles Evans and the second team consisted of Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay. The first team left on May 26, 1953 to reach the summit of Mt. Everest. Although the two men made it up to about 300 feet shy of the summit, the highest any human had yet reached, they were forced to turn back after bad weather set in as well as a fall and problems with their oxygen tanks. Reaching the Top of Mount Everest At 4 a.m. on May 29, 1953, Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay awoke in camp nine and readied themselves for their climb. Hillary discovered that his boots had frozen and thus spent two hours defrosting them. The two men left camp at 6:30 a.m. During their climb, they came upon one particularly difficult rock face, but Hillary found a way to climb it. (The rock face is now called Hillarys Step.) At 11:30 a.m., Hillary and Tenzing reached the summit of Mount Everest. Hillary reached out to shake Tenzings hand, but Tenzing gave him a hug in return. The two men enjoyed only 15 minutes at the top of the world because of their low air supply. They spent their time taking photographs, taking in the view, placing a food offering (Tenzing), and looking for any sign that the missing climbers from 1924 had been there before them (they didnt find any). When their 15 minutes were up, Hillary and Tenzing began making their way back down the mountain. It is reported that when Hillary saw his friend and co-New Zealand climber George Lowe (also part of the expedition), Hillary said, Well, George, weve knocked the bastard off! News of the successful climb quickly made it around the world. Both Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay became heroes.

Ethics in Abuse

Ethics in Abuse A couple of years ago in Knoxville, Tennessee there was a case of child abuse where a baby of just a few months old was shaken and abused to the point that it was left with severe brain trauma and required mechanical ventilation in order to live. Removed from the ventilator, the baby could not continue living. While the parents, which includes the dad who shook the baby would not agree to passively euthanize the child, the hospital decided the best thing to do was allow the child to do a peaceful death by taking it off life support. The reasoning the parents would not take the baby off life support was because the dad would be tried for murder instead of child abuse which is a lesser charger. There are a few ethical issues in this scenario. First, there is the issue of euthanasia itself secondly, the issue of keeping someone alive for personal gain is presented, and finally, there is the issue of determining whether the child was being kept alive based by the use of extraordinary mea sures.Life Support (album)Before continuing, there are few terms that need to be defined. First of all, there are two forms of euthanasia, active and passive. Active Euthanasia is defined as “using certain death-causing means to bring about or cause the death of a person.” (McKinnon). Passive Euthanasia is defined as “withholding or withdrawing certain treatment and letting a patient die.” (McKinnon) In the situation described previously, the issue at hand is Passive Euthanasia. Basically, even though the doctors actually removed the baby from life support that is not what actually killed him. The injuries that were inflicted by his father are what actually killed him. As a result, the ethicalness of Passive Euthanasia will need to be considered further.There is...

MHE503 Survey of Emergency and Disaster Mgt Module 3 SLP Essay

MHE503 Survey of Emergency and Disaster Mgt Module 3 SLP - Essay Example The Philippine center for weather forecasting which is known as PAGASA (Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration) has been noted for its lack of necessary gadgets to increase the accuracy of weather forecasting in the country.2 Investing on the development of the said process through creating possibilities for PAGASA's capabilities to release notable information that could help emergency disaster departments to evacuate people and several properties away from the possible affected area could actually make the inclined weather forecasting goal a reality. Navigation and monitoring procedures, again, needs high tech gadgets that could aid the process. In this regard, it is highly recommended that the Philippine government be able to find better ways to invest on their technological applications used towards implicating emergency calls and warnings to protect their people's values and properties; after all, the benefits of this particular investment could save the country some hundreds and even thousands of dollars that could be greatly a huge saving for the said country. 3 Being able to monitor areas that are to be added in the hot spot of disaster and calamities in the country could allow emergency agencies to handle possible accidents in the future with a much controllable process saving lives and properties that could worth millions. 2. Identify and briefly describe at least one additional measure that has not been implemented which would mitigate against your selected disaster. TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENT: as noted from the given suggestions above, technological advancement is a major process of development that could be utilized by the Philippine government so as to increase the level of alert and warning signals that could be given to evacuate the people and the properties that could still be saved away from the coming tragedy. True, if the occurrence of natural disasters could not be avoided, at least keeping the people and the properties safe away from the possible damages that they may cause could be a better option to take into consideration. 3. Evaluate this mitigation strategy using FEMA's criteria discussed in the Module 3 home page. According to FEMA's database, flood and mass movement disasters such as landslides are rather forced through the existence of storms that are highly uncontrollable. FEMA further notes the need to have an accurate pre-forecasting process that would allow weather forecasters and emergency control managers the kind of alert that they need to have to be able to find better chances of evacuating and preparing areas of target. This could be further gained through the application

Object Oriented Programming Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Object Oriented Programming - Research Paper Example The research paper "Object Oriented Programming" talks about main concepts and principles of the object oriented programming paradigm and about its application to computer software or computer applications design. In OOP, the represented objects have specific data fields such as rows and columns in the design of databases. These fields are used in OPP as characteristics of an object that is presented through a programming language with object oriented attributes. In addition, objects within object oriented programming are represented via specified methods or procedures which are used to ensure that these objects are orderly and consistent depending on the purpose of the design or programming. When programmers design computer software or computer applications, they achieve this by methods which cause objects to relate or interact with one another. Each object in this form of interaction is referred to as an instance of a particular class of objects. Classes in OOP represent concepts. For example â€Å"Girl† is a class within which the aforementioned objects fall. This illustrates that a class is used to capture the properties that are shared by objects in the process of object oriented programming. Therefore, classes are normally instantiated from the objects that are represented by a program design. In OOP, classes are visible within the source code of the program and this code is normally not duplicated. Also objects play the role of activating a program that is currently running as a result they occupy memory locations. Furthermore, a set of operations as presented within the class are owned by objects which means that objects in OOP own a copy of specific data that is held within the program. When a specific class within a program is a subtype of another higher level or general class, the subtype class in OOP is said to be inherited from the general class (Hadar and Uri 43). The subclass therefore inherits both member functions and the data members of the base class. In object oriented programming, inheritance particularly refers to the method of reusing a specific code that is held by various objects with an aim of establishing a lower level or subtype class below a general class. The creation of subtypes however depends on the supporting platform of the programming language that is used to design or program the application. The general classes in inheritance are referred to as base classes and it is from these classes that the subtype classes inherit various attributes. Base classes are also referred to as parent classes or super classes (Pefkaros 219). The subclasses that are derived from the parent classes are therefore referred to as child classes or derived classes. This illustrates that the patent and child classes are related within a structure which leads to a hierarchy. Encapsulation is a concept and principle in object oriented programming in which the designer of a program hides the manner in which an object behaves from the approach of implementation. Encapsulation also includes separation of the looks of an object or it appearance from the methods through which its behavior is implemented. Encapsulation emanates from the fact that objects within a program have well defined interfaces (Ramsin and Richard 31). These are the publicly accessible methods and fields. Therefore when information about objects is hidden below or behind a specific interface, it is then said that the design of a program has implemented encapsulation. This situation is also referred to as information hiding. It therefore is notable that in object oriented programming, programmers use interfaces as the most effective way through which behavior of objects are

How Does the American Public School Philosophy address the concept of Research Paper

How Does the American Public School Philosophy address the concept of Democracy aad the individual - Research Paper Example In this case, before undertaking to explore the role that American schools play in educating children in about democracy, it is crucial to attempt explaining the relationship between the two concepts of education and democracy. Thus, from a contemporary point of view, democracy can be considered to be that which results from and is reflective of modern day societies political and market economy, it personified by activities such as choosing political representatives and an autonomous judicially (Loflin, 2008). In these premises, school provides education to the minority future political figures, the majority to fit into their future role as consumers and producers in the society, and ultimately the decision makers in the society. Hence, such an education, will ideally involve educating them by practical activities so that they can experience democracy in their own personalized setting such as participating in their student centered committees and organizations, in their schools. This paper is an introspection of the role played by public schools in perpetuating the concept of democracy and individual through pedagogy by discussing the rationale; examining the objectives of teaching democracy in schools, the methods and implementation as well as the challenges that are encountered in the endeavor. The culture of democracy should be taught to schoolchildren for a number of reasons; prominent among them is the need to create self-awareness to them, which is instrumental in helping them take responsibility for their lives and the country’s destiny. This is because when children understand democracy, they will appreciate its importance and can easily apply it in their lives as students. This is concerning activities such as voting for prefects and student leaders as well as in simple things like solving a dispute on where to eat lunch among friends or which bus to take home (Rosenthal and Burroughs, 2003.). While these might seem like minor considerations, th ey set ground for bigger issue that the students will have to make in their adult lives, and it helps socialize them into democratically sensitive individuals. Although it is hailed and praised for facilitating legitimate governance, democracy can only be as strong as those who practice it. As a result, in America, students should be taught about democracy in order to ensure they are able to make judgments for themselves on what is democratic and what is not democratic. The process of democracy in America is often fraught with conflict and can often be messy, thus, teaching schoolchildren democracy is crucial since it helps them to appreciate the potential for conflict that result even with democracies, in order to develop democratically acceptable ways of dealing with these conflicts. In addition, youths might mistakenly assume that what happens in congress, and in national politics, is the epitome of democracy due to its lofty position. Nonetheless, the truth is that democracy is frequently abused and overstepped by politicians in their search for political mileage. Therefore, education about democracy provides learners with wisdom enabling them to contemplate the political climate and happenings critically so that they do not get mislead by these populist shenanigans. Electronic and print media has failed miserably in their attempt to convey to

First Day Of School Essay Example for Free

First Day Of School Essay On my first day of school, my Dad came to drop me of. I was really nervous and afraid when I came out of the car and headed for the School gate. In the playground, I saw an abundance of big boys running around; that made me even more apprehensive. When the School bell rang, I quickly into ran to the hall so I wasn’t late on my first day. Mrs McNamara, our head of year was giving all the students a lot of essential information that we needed in the future so as a consequence, it was important that we listened. At lunchtime I became more relaxed and at ease, at the end of the day my dad came to pick me up from school, I had really enjoyed myself and as a result I knew I would have a fantastic time at High school. Try to be yourself don’t copy anyone or anything. Furthermore, to do well in school you have to be bold and respectful, it always helps. LESSONS AND SCHOOL RULES In lessons you have to pay full attention to what the teacher’s saying, it will help you in your work and Home study. You must be fully equipped for the lesson so it is best you pack your bag the night before you have that lesson, you will need: two pens, a ruler, a pencil your exercise book, a rubber, a calculator, and a pencil case. In Trinity your work has to be a certain standard, if your work is below that standard, the teacher will make you do it again. Hence, you need to put effort into it, make sure you have checked it, and do it to your best quality. Trinity High school forbids bullying; any signs of bullying and you will be in a huge amount of trouble, you must always respect one another and the Teachers. Attendance and Punctuality is very important, so you don’t miss any lessons or activities. You must take care of all the equipment that you use and attempt not to damage it. SCHOOL ACHIEVEMENTS If you behave well and do extremely well in your lessons you get achievements such as: Effort and Excellence certificates, Headmasters award s letters of praise and congratulations, weekly praise from the Headmaster and attendance and punctuality awards. There are so many ranges of achievements, so make sure you work hard, listen to your teachers and be respectful at all times.

Air Compressor Systems Introduction

Air Compressor Systems Introduction Air Compressor System provides high pressure compressed air with subsequent reduction in volume for a range of industrial and domestic applications. They have become imperative equipment in almost every industry. Due to its high efficiency, feasible operational parameters and diverse range of applications, they have gained widespread popularity and no industry is complete without a compact compressor system. The primary objective of this report is to understand the importance of air compressor systems. In addition, the report covers a wide spectrum of compressor applications and processes. The different types of compressors, along with their merits and demerits have been delineated. The important operational parameters have been defined along with their importance in the compression process. Air is free, whereas compressed high pressure air is not. True to the phrase, generating high pressure compressed air is not an economical and energy efficient process. High initial and maintenance costs can increase the overall compressor cost to a great extent. Proper and well maintained compressor systems can reduce energy consumption from 30-50%. Various steps to reduce energy consumption and increase overall efficiency have been detailed in the report. For a practical application of compressor acumen, a case study has been conducted on an ELGI Compressor which is under operation in Arabian Cement Industry. With the data collected from the study, certain operational parameters were calculated and corresponding inferences were drawn. At the end of the study, we are able to conclude the current state of the compressor and detail certain steps to improve efficiency and compressor performance. The future of air compressor systems has been a constant research topic among industrialists. The modern techniques of Heat Recovery Systems in air compressors and use of Variable Speed Drives have been briefly detailed to provide a view into a bright future of air compressor systems. CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Air Compressor Systems In most industrial applications, compressed air is considered as the fourth utility, preceded by the three essential utilities; water, electricity and natural gas. Typically, a simple air compressor is an industrial device that intakes ambient air and increases the pressurewith reduction in volume by doing work on the working fluid, namely air or gas. The primary objective of employing a compressor is to provide high pressure air using least possible power consumption. The compression can occur in any one of the three ways; adiabatic, isothermal or polytropic. For an Adiabatic compression process, there is assumed to be no heat loss or gain from the system. When the temperature of air at inlet equals temperature of compressed air at outlet, the compression process is Isothermal. Normally, a typical compression process involves Polytropic Compression. The pressure, temperature and volume of air it inlet and outlet vary with the respective conditions. The least possible work of compression is achieved in an adiabatic compression process as the net work done by the system is zero. [1] The adiabatic efficiency is the maximum possible compressor efficiency and compressors are designed with compressor efficiencies such that, there is little or no variation among the two. As mentioned earlier, compressed air is considered a utility because of their diverse applications in various industrial and metallurgical operations. The compressed air supply is clean, convenient, safe and flexible for use. Industrial uses can be attributed to when they are in connection with compressed air motors for functioning of pneumatic tools, raw material conveying through ducts, in connection with a reservoir for storage of compressed air for future applications. 1.2 Historical Background The earliest documented use of the compressor dates back to around 4th century B.C. In those times, the compressor was termed as a water organ. The water organ was invented by Ctesibius of Alexandria. The design comprised of a chamber filled with air and water, a water pump, collection of pipes of various dimensions and connecting tubes and valves. The mechanism of operation was relatively simple; by pumping water into the chamber, the air gets compressed. [2] With advancement of time and technology, various improvements and innovations were made to the water organ. In 1808, the Multi Stage Axial Compressor, designed by John Dumball, came into industrial application. However, this design did not achieve wide-spread popularity because the compressor comprised of moving blades without stationary blades to transfer the air flow into the successive compression stage. During the 19th century, the invention of the Roots Blower was a huge step leading to invention of modern air compressor systems. Philander and Francis Roots designed the Roots blower, while devising a suitable replacement for the water wheel at their woolen mill. The roots blower consisted of numerous impeller pairs rotating in opposite directions.[3] Dr. Franze Stolze designed the modern compressor in 1900; which comprised of a multi stage axial flow compressor with a combustion chamber, multi-stage axial turbine along with a regenerator to heat the discharged air utilizing exhaust waste gases. 1.3 Applications of Compressed Air High pressure compressed air is widely used for industrial and domestic applications due to their high efficiency and facile operational nature. The powering of pneumatic equipment is one of the major applications of compressed air. Pneumatic tools are lighter, deliver more power and not prone to overloading, unlike electric motor run equipment. Compressed air driven tools can achieve high overall torque and optimum speed in a short span of time. They are safer as compared to electric driven tools because of no spark conditions and less overheating. [4] Compressed air is also used for raw material transport, combustion processes; such as oxidation, thermodynamic operations; such as refrigeration and cryogenics. Filtration, aeration and dehydration processes are also driven by compressed air. Non-industrial applications of compressed air include transportation, mining and agriculture.[5] 1.4 Components of Air Compressor System Due to the diverse applications of compressed air, air compressor systems merit an intricate and complex design. Air compressor systems consist of a number of sub-systems and components, which include the air compressor, motor and drive unit, control systems, air inlet filters, air dryers, after-coolers and various other retrofitted components. During the operation of an air compressor system, the ambient air is taken into the system by air inlet filters. The motor and gear unit powers the compressor system to increase the pressure of air. The primary function of an integrated control system is to regulate the amount of air intake and air discharge from the system. Treatment equipment, such as an Air Dryer and Air Separator are used to remove contaminants and provide moisture and oil free pressurized air. The Outlet and Distribution systems play the pivotal role of transporting the compressed air to the various required sources. In typical industrial applications, the pressurized air is stored in an Air Reservoir or Storage Tank for future use. The major components of an air compressor are detailed below: Intake Air Filter: Ambient air enters the compressor via inlet air filters. Filtration elements in intake filters facilitate filtration of particulate matter present in air. This allows the entry of clean and dry air into the compressor. Compressor Cooling: A substantial amount of heat is generated during compressor process. As a result, cooling and lubrication of the system is mandatory for reducing wear and damage to the compressor spares; thereby increasing compressor efficiency. Compressors are normally cooled using air, water or oil (lubricant). [6] Inter-Stage Coolers: Inter coolers act as heat exchangers to lower the temperature of air before it enters into successive stages of compression.[7] This reduction of temperature is paramount to reduce the overall compression work and increase compressor efficiency. After-Coolers: After coolers are employed at the end of compression process to lower the discharge temperature of air. During this final stage of operation, as the temperature is lowered, moisture present in air condenses and separated from the discharge air. Air Separators: Separators act as an enhanced after-cooler. Theyare installed either after an inter-cooler or after-cooler to desiccate discharge air. Air-Dryers: Normally, after the compressed air has passed through all the above mentioned equipment, discharge air is passed into the air-dryer before storage in the reservoir. The air that reaches the dryer is saturated. If this saturated air enters the piping, it can lead to corrosion and damage to the transport equipment. The Relative Humidity (moisture content) in atmospheric air is relatively high. When this air is compressed at high pressure, it occupies a small volume and high temperature. At a specific temperature, all the moisture present in air condenses. This temperature is known as Dew Point. This process is cycled in an air-dryer to ensure that moisture-free air reaches the storage area.[8] Pressure Regulators/Flow Controller: PFCs are auxiliary equipmentthat minimizes pressure drops in the system by stabilizing system pressure. Lubrication: Lubrication is a paramount need for effective compressed air operation. A lubricator is employed to lubricate and cool the moving parts and prevent overheating. In some systems, the lubricator is retrofitted with a compressed filter and pressure flow regulator to fashion a system known as Filter Regulator Lubricant (FRL).[10] Air Receivers: The high pressure compressed air from the system is discharged to a storage tank or an air-receiver according to the demand. The capacity and type of air receiver varies depending on the demand of compressed air within the system. For spasmodic demand of compressed air, a large capacity reservoir is employed for a relatively small capacity compressor. Moreover, a receiver functions depending on demand, thereby reducing overwork and load on the compressor. Air Transport and Distribution System: The final stage in a compression process is the proper distribution of compressed air to the demand points. A common distribution system includes piping, valves and hoses. To minimize the pressure drop during distribution, it is imperative that the pipe length is kept minimum and diameter to maximum.